ABSTRACT
Abstract Earias vittellaFabricius, 1794 (Noctuidae: Lepidoptera) is deliberated to be one of the most destructive pests of cotton and okra vegetation in the world including Asia. The pest has established resistance to various synthetic insecticides. The use of bio-pesticide is one of the unconventional approaches to develop a vigorous ecosystem without harming non- target pests and beneficial natural insect fauna. In the present study, the toxicity levels of Citrullus colocynthis seed extract have been evaluated against the populations of E. vittellaunder standardized laboratory conditions. The toxic effects of C. colocynthis on development periods, protein contents and esterase activity of the life stages of E. vittella were also evaluated. The toxicity levels of methanol, ethanol, hexane, water and profenofos were evaluated on the 1st instar larvae of E. vittella. LC30 and LC80 concentrations exhibited the effectiveness of methanol-based C. colocynthis seed extract against 1st instar larvae of E. vitella. The enhanced larval and pupal periods were revealed in treated samples during the comparison with untreated samples. The intrinsic rate of increase, net reproductive rate in the LC30 and LC80 concentrations exposed larvae remained less than the control treatment. Fecundity, the esterase activity and protein contents were declined in LC30 and LC80 treated samples as compared to the control. The present findings suggest that C. colosynthis extracts based botanical insecticides are beneficial, ecosystem sustainable and can be integrated with insect management programs from environment safety perspective.
Resumo Earias vittella Fabricius, 1794 (Noctuidae: Lepidoptera) é considerada uma das pragas mais destrutivas de algodão e quiabo no mundo, incluindo a Ásia. Essa praga estabeleceu resistência a vários inseticidas sintéticos. O uso de biopesticidas é uma das abordagens não convencionais para desenvolver um ecossistema saudável sem prejudicar as pragas não alvo e a fauna natural benéfica de insetos. No presente estudo, os níveis de toxicidade do extrato de semente de Citrullus colocynthis foram avaliados nas populações de E. vittella em condições de laboratório padronizadas. Os efeitos tóxicos de C. colocynthis nos períodos de desenvolvimento, conteúdo de proteína e atividade esterase das fases de vida de E. vittella também foram avaliados. Os níveis de toxicidade de metanol, etanol, hexano, água e profenofós foram avaliados em larvas de 1º instar de E. vittella. As concentrações de LC30 e LC80 apresentaram eficácia do extrato de sementes de C. colocynthis à base de metanol contra larvas de 1º instar de E. vittella. Os períodos larval e pupal aumentados foram revelados nas amostras tratadas durante a comparação com as amostras não tratadas. A taxa intrínseca de aumento e a taxa reprodutiva líquida nas concentrações de larvas expostas LC30 e LC80 permaneceram menores do que o tratamento controle. A fecundidade, a atividade da esterase e o conteúdo de proteína diminuíram nas amostras tratadas com LC30 e LC80 em comparação com o controle. As presentes descobertas sugerem que os extratos de C. colocynthis à base de inseticidas botânicos são benéficos, sustentáveis para o ecossistema e podem ser integrados com programas de manejo de insetos do ponto de vista da segurança ambiental.
ABSTRACT
Abstract Earias vittellaFabricius, 1794 (Noctuidae: Lepidoptera) is deliberated to be one of the most destructive pests of cotton and okra vegetation in the world including Asia. The pest has established resistance to various synthetic insecticides. The use of bio-pesticide is one of the unconventional approaches to develop a vigorous ecosystem without harming non- target pests and beneficial natural insect fauna. In the present study, the toxicity levels of Citrullus colocynthis seed extract have been evaluated against the populations of E. vittellaunder standardized laboratory conditions. The toxic effects of C. colocynthis on development periods, protein contents and esterase activity of the life stages of E. vittella were also evaluated. The toxicity levels of methanol, ethanol, hexane, water and profenofos were evaluated on the 1st instar larvae of E. vittella. LC30 and LC80 concentrations exhibited the effectiveness of methanol-based C. colocynthis seed extract against 1st instar larvae of E. vitella. The enhanced larval and pupal periods were revealed in treated samples during the comparison with untreated samples. The intrinsic rate of increase, net reproductive rate in the LC30 and LC80 concentrations exposed larvae remained less than the control treatment. Fecundity, the esterase activity and protein contents were declined in LC30 and LC80 treated samples as compared to the control. The present findings suggest that C. colosynthis extracts based botanical insecticides are beneficial, ecosystem sustainable and can be integrated with insect management programs from environment safety perspective.
Resumo Earias vittella Fabricius, 1794 (Noctuidae: Lepidoptera) é considerada uma das pragas mais destrutivas de algodão e quiabo no mundo, incluindo a Ásia. Essa praga estabeleceu resistência a vários inseticidas sintéticos. O uso de biopesticidas é uma das abordagens não convencionais para desenvolver um ecossistema saudável sem prejudicar as pragas não alvo e a fauna natural benéfica de insetos. No presente estudo, os níveis de toxicidade do extrato de semente de Citrullus colocynthis foram avaliados nas populações de E. vittella em condições de laboratório padronizadas. Os efeitos tóxicos de C. colocynthis nos períodos de desenvolvimento, conteúdo de proteína e atividade esterase das fases de vida de E. vittella também foram avaliados. Os níveis de toxicidade de metanol, etanol, hexano, água e profenofós foram avaliados em larvas de 1º instar de E. vittella. As concentrações de LC30 e LC80 apresentaram eficácia do extrato de sementes de C. colocynthis à base de metanol contra larvas de 1º instar de E. vittella. Os períodos larval e pupal aumentados foram revelados nas amostras tratadas durante a comparação com as amostras não tratadas. A taxa intrínseca de aumento e a taxa reprodutiva líquida nas concentrações de larvas expostas LC30 e LC80 permaneceram menores do que o tratamento controle. A fecundidade, a atividade da esterase e o conteúdo de proteína diminuíram nas amostras tratadas com LC30 e LC80 em comparação com o controle. As presentes descobertas sugerem que os extratos de C. colocynthis à base de inseticidas botânicos são benéficos, sustentáveis para o ecossistema e podem ser integrados com programas de manejo de insetos do ponto de vista da segurança ambiental.
Subject(s)
Animals , Citrullus colocynthis , Insecticides , Moths , Plant Extracts/pharmacology , Ecosystem , LarvaABSTRACT
Earias vittellaFabricius, 1794 (Noctuidae: Lepidoptera) is deliberated to be one of the most destructive pests of cotton and okra vegetation in the world including Asia. The pest has established resistance to various synthetic insecticides. The use of bio-pesticide is one of the unconventional approaches to develop a vigorous ecosystem without harming non- target pests and beneficial natural insect fauna. In the present study, the toxicity levels of Citrullus colocynthis seed extract have been evaluated against the populations of E. vittellaunder standardized laboratory conditions. The toxic effects of C. colocynthis on development periods, protein contents and esterase activity of the life stages of E. vittella were also evaluated. The toxicity levels of methanol, ethanol, hexane, water and profenofos were evaluated on the 1st instar larvae of E. vittella. LC30 and LC80 concentrations exhibited the effectiveness of methanol-based C. colocynthis seed extract against 1st instar larvae of E. vitella. The enhanced larval and pupal periods were revealed in treated samples during the comparison with untreated samples. The intrinsic rate of increase, net reproductive rate in the LC30 and LC80 concentrations exposed larvae remained less than the control treatment. Fecundity, the esterase activity and protein contents were declined in LC30 and LC80 treated samples as compared to the control. The present findings suggest that C. colosynthis extracts based botanical insecticides are beneficial, ecosystem sustainable and can be integrated with insect management programs from environment safety perspective.
Subject(s)
Citrullus colocynthis , Insecticides , Moths , Animals , Ecosystem , Larva , Plant Extracts/pharmacologyABSTRACT
Poor urban water quality has been linked to diminished source water quality, poorly functioning water treatment systems and infiltration into distribution lines after treatment resulting in microbiological contamination. With limited funding to rehabilitate distribution lines, developing nations need tools to identify the areas of greatest concern to human health so as to target cost effective remediation approaches. Herein, a case study of Hyderabad, Pakistan was used to demonstrate the efficacy of combining quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) for multiple pathogens with spatial distribution system modeling to identify areas for pipe rehabilitation. Abundance of Escherichia coli, Enterococcus (enterococci), Salmonella spp., Shigella spp., Giardia intestinalis, Vibrio cholera, norovirus GI and adenovirus 40/41, were determined in 85 locations including the source water, treatment plant effluent and the city distribution lines. Bayesian statistics and Monte Carlo simulations were used in the QMRA to account for left-censored microbial abundance distributions. Bacterial and viral abundances in the distribution system samples decreased as follows: 9400 ± 19,800 norovirus gene copies/100 mL (average ± standard deviation, 100% of samples positive); 340 ± 2200 enterococci CFU/100 mL (94%), 71 ± 97 Shigella sp. CFU/100 mL (97%), 60 ± 360 E. coli CFU/100 mL (89%), 35 ± 79 adenovirus gene copies/100 mL (100%), and 21 ± 46 Salmonella sp. CFU/100 mL (76%). The QMRA revealed unacceptable probabilities of illness (>1 in 10,000 illness level) from the four exposure routes considered (drinking water, or only showering, tooth brushing, and rinsing vegetables consumed raw). Disease severity indices based on the QMRA combined with mapping the distribution system revealed areas for targeted rehabilitation. The combined intensive sampling, risk assessment and mapping can be used in low- and middle-income countries to target distribution system rehabilitation efforts and improve health outcomes.
Subject(s)
Water Microbiology , Water , Bayes Theorem , Escherichia coli , Humans , Pakistan , Risk AssessmentABSTRACT
The objective of this study was to assess health-care professionals' attitudes and perceptions towards the value of certain pharmacist functions in the emergency department (ED). The study was conducted among 396 physicians, nurses and other professionals in 4 government hospitals and 10 private hospitals in Dubai. While 83.6% of respondents reported that pharmacy services were available in the ED only 30.7% had a permanent clinical pharmacist working there. A majority (75.7%) agreed that the availability of clinical pharmacists in the ED would improve quality of care. On the role of clinical pharmacists in the medication review process, 45.0% of respondents favoured the review of only high-risk medication orders in the ED. The study found favourable views towards a role for clinical pharmacists in the ED for assuring appropriate medicine prescribing and administration, monitoring patient adherence, providing drug information consultation and monitoring patient responses and treatment outcome.
Subject(s)
Emergency Service, Hospital/organization & administration , Health Personnel/psychology , Perception , Pharmacists , Professional Role , Adult , Attitude of Health Personnel , Cost Savings , Disease Management , Female , Humans , Male , Medication Errors/prevention & control , Pharmacy Service, Hospital/organization & administration , Quality of Health Care/organization & administration , United Arab EmiratesABSTRACT
The problems of leachate treatment and landfill gas (LFG) emissions are increasing gradually. Reducing the hazard before emplacement, pretreatment of municipal solid waste (MSW) prior to landfilling has become very important for the conventional landfill. In this study, pretreated mixed un-shredded MSW by the natural convection of air was employed to assess the aerobic pretreatment suitability. To study the effects of pretreated waste on landfill behavior, landfill simulation reactor (LSR) was developed at laboratory scale; pretreated MSW was placed in it. In a LSR, the behavior of aerobically pretreated waste disposal on a landfill was simulated. The LSR was operated for more than 9 months. The LSR operating phases were analyzed together with the consolidation of the leachate and gas production. The leachate collected was analyzed for pH, BOD (biochemical oxygen demand), COD (chemical oxygen demand), NH3-N and trace metals. The gas collected was analyzed for CH4 and CO2. The COD and BOD values were reduced to 1850 mg/L and 235 mg/L respectively within 5 months respectively. The maximum landfill gas (LFG) generation was observed about 60 m3 per ton dry matter (DM) of MSW. This work demonstrates that pretreatment is significantly effective in reducing the landfill emissions that is LFG; and leachate quality was improved in terms of COD and BOD.
Subject(s)
Air Pollution/prevention & control , Refuse Disposal/methods , Aerobiosis , Air , Air Pollutants/analysis , Ammonia/analysis , Biodegradation, Environmental , Carbon Dioxide/analysis , Convection , Hydrogen-Ion Concentration , Metals, Heavy/analysis , Methane/analysis , Oxygen , Water Pollutants, Chemical/analysisABSTRACT
Landfilling is a dominant municipal solid waste (MSW) disposal method in most developing countries. In China, approximately 85% of the generated MSW is being disposed of in the landfills. The amount of MSW is growing rapidly with the rate of approximately 8-10% annually, which contains a high quantity of moisture and organic matters. The problems of leachate treatment and landfill gas (LFG) emissions are increasing gradually. Reducing the hazard before emplacement, pretreatment of MSW before landfilling has become very important for the conventional landfill. In this study, aerobic pretreatment of mixed MSW was used, and much attention has been given to the natural convection of air in the mixed and unshredded MSW for bioconversion of organic matter (OM). This study is an attempt to investigate aerobic pretreatment suitability for the mixed and unshredded MSW at Beijing. A pilot-scale aerobic pretreatment simulator (APS) was developed at Beishen Shu Landfill in Beijing. To work out the biodegradation of the OM in the APS, fresh and pretreated MSW samples were collected and analyzed for OM, moisture content, temperature, chemical oxygen demand, total organic carbon, carbon, nitrogen, hydrogen, lignocelluloses, and biochemical methane potential at various stages of the pretreatment. Furthermore, results of the fresh and pretreated MSW are compared. Significant reduction in the observed parameters of the pretreated waste samples is observed. This work demonstrates that pretreatment is significantly effective in reducing the landfill emissions that is leachate and LFG.
Subject(s)
Refuse Disposal , Aerobiosis , Biodegradation, Environmental , Cellulose , Convection , Methane/analysisABSTRACT
A new epimeric lupane triterpenoid, 3alpha-hydroxy-20-oxo-30-norlupane (1), and a new flavanone (nubatin; 3) have been isolated from Salvia nubicola collected from Quetta, Pakistan. The structures of these constituents were elucidated with the aid of spectroscopic techniques, including two-dimensional NMR and NOE experiments. Both the metabolites were found to be moderately bio-active.
